QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
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Characteristically, biliary colic comes on suddenly or builds rapidly to a peak over a few minutes. It is a constant pain--it does not come and go, though it may vary in intensity while it is present. It lasts for 15 minutes to 4-5 hours. If the pain lasts more than 4-5 hours, it means that a complication--usually cholecystitis--has developed. The pain usually is severe, but movement does not make the pain worse. In fact, patients experiencing biliary colic often walk about or writhe (twist the body in different positions) in bed trying to find a comfortable position. Biliary colic often is accompanied by nausea. Most commonly, biliary colic is felt in the middle of the upper abdomen just below the sternum. The second most common location for pain is the right upper abdomen just below the margin of the ribs. Occasionally, the pain also may be felt in the back at the lower tip of the scapula on the right side. On rare occasions, the pain may be felt beneath the sternum and be mistaken for angina or a heart attack . An episode of biliary colic subsides gradually once the gallstone shifts within the duct so that it is no longer obstructing.
Biliary colic is a recurring symptom. Once the first episode occurs, there are likely to be other episodes. Also, there is a pattern of recurrence for each individual, that is, for some individuals the episodes tend to remain frequent while for others they tend to remain infrequent. The majority of people who develop biliary colic do not go on to develop cholecystitis or other complications.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7814 days old here
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What are the symptoms of gallstones?
The majority of people with gallstones have no signs or symptoms and are unaware of their gallstones. (The gallstones are "silent.") Their gallstones often are found as a result of tests (e.g., ultrasound or X-ray examination of the abdomen) performed while evaluating medical conditions other than gallstones. Symptoms can appear later in life, however, after many years without symptoms. Thus, over a period of five years, approximately ten percent of people with silent gallstones will develop symptoms. Once symptoms develop, they are likely to continue and often will worsen.
Gallstones are blamed for many symptoms they do not cause. Among the symptoms gallstones do not cause are dyspepsia (including abdominal bloating and discomfort after eating), intolerance to fatty foods, belching, and flatulence (passing gas or farting). When signs and symptoms of gallstones occur, they virtually always occur because the gallstones obstruct the bile ducts.
The most common symptom of gallstones is biliary colic. Biliary colic is a very specific type of pain, occurring as the primary or only symptom in 80% of people with gallstones who develop symptoms. Biliary colic occurs when the extrahepatic ducts-cystic, hepatic or common bile-are suddenly blocked by a gallstone. (Slowly-progressing obstruction, as from a tumor, does not cause biliary colic.) Behind the obstruction, fluid accumulates and distends the ducts and gallbladder. In the case of hepatic or common bile duct obstruction, this is due to continued secretion of bile by the liver. In the case of cystic duct obstruction, the wall of the gallbladder secretes fluid into the gallbladder. It is the distention of the ducts or gallbladder that causes biliary colic.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7814 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
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Who is at risk for gallstones?
Risk for cholesterol gallstones. There is no relationship between cholesterol in the blood and cholesterol gallstones. Individuals with elevated blood cholesterol do not have an increased prevalence of cholesterol gallstones. A common misconception is that diet is responsible for the development of cholesterol gallstones, however, it isn't. The risk factors for developing cholesterol gallstones include:
Gender. Gallstones form more commonly in women than men. Age. Gallstone prevalence increases with age. Obesity. Obese individuals are more likely to form gallstones than thin individuals. Pregnancy. Women who have been pregnant are more likely to form gallstones than women who have not been pregnant. Pregnancy increases the risk for cholesterol gallstones because during pregnancy, bile contains more cholesterol, and the gallbladder does not contract normally. Birth control pills and hormone therapy. The increased levels of hormones caused by either treatment mimics pregnancy. Rapid weight loss. Rapid weight loss by whatever means-very low calorie diets or obesity surgery-causes cholesterol gallstones in up to 50% of individuals. Many of the gallstones will disappear after the weight is lost, but many do not. Moreover, until they are gone, they may cause problems. Crohn's disease. Individuals with Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum are more likely to develop gallstones. Gallstones form because patients with Crohn's disease lack enough bile acids to solubilize the cholesterol in bile. Normally, bile acids that enter the small intestine from the liver and gallbladder are absorbed back into the body in the terminal ileum and are secreted again by the liver into bile. In other words, the bile acids recycle. In Crohn's disease, the terminal ileum is diseased. Bile acids are not absorbed normally, the body becomes depleted of bile acids, and less bile acids are secreted in bile. There are not enough bile acids to keep cholesterol dissolved in bile, and gallstones form. Increased blood triglycerides. Gallstones occur more frequently in individuals with elevated blood triglyceride levels.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7814 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
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Location:
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What causes gallstones?
Gallstones are common--they occur in approximately 20% of women in the US, Canada and Europe--but there is a large variation in prevalence among ethnic groups. For example, gallstones occur 1 ½ to 2 times more commonly among Scandinavians and Mexican-Americans. Among American Indians, gallstone prevalence reaches more than 80%. These differences probably are accounted for by genetic (hereditary) factors. First-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children) of individuals with gallstones are 1 ½ times more likely to have gallstones than if they did not have a first-degree relative with gallstones. Further support that genetic factors are important in determining who gets gallstones comes from twin studies. Among non-identical pairs of twins (who share 50% of their genes with each other), both individuals in a pair have gallstones 8% of the time. Among identical pairs of twins (who share 100% of their genes with each other), both individuals in a pair have gallstones 23% of the time.
There are several types of gallstones and each type has a different cause.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
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What are gallstones?
Gallstones are stones that form in the gall (bile). Bile is a watery liquid made by the cells of the liver that is important for digesting food in the intestine, particularly fat. Liver cells secrete the bile they make into small canals within the liver. The bile flows through the canals and into larger collecting ducts within the liver (the intrahepatic bile ducts). The bile then flows within the intrahepatic bile ducts out of the liver and into the extrahepatic bile ducts-first into the hepatic bile ducts, then into the common hepatic duct, and finally into the common bile duct. From the common bile duct, there are two different directions that bile can flow. The first direction is on down the common bile duct and into the intestine where the bile mixes with food and promotes digestion of food. The second direction is into the cystic duct, and from there into the gallbladder (often misspelled as gall bladder). Once in the gallbladder, bile is concentrated by the removal (absorption) of water. During a meal, the muscle that makes up the wall of the gallbladder contracts and squeezes the concentrated bile in the gallbladder back through the cystic duct into the common duct and then into the intestine. (Concentrated bile is much more effective for digestion than the un-concentrated bile that goes from the liver straight into the intestine.) The timing of gallbladder contraction-during a meal-allows the concentrated bile from the gallbladder to mix with food.
Gallstones usually form in the gallbladder; however, they also may form anywhere there is bile--in the intrahepatic, hepatic, common bile, and cystic ducts. Gallstones also may move about within bile, for example, from the gallbladder into the cystic or common duct.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7814 days old here
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Vegeterian Pizza Recipe:
--Ingredients-- 1 (16 oz.) loaf of Frozen Whole Wheat Bread Dough (thawed) (or you may prepare Homemade Pizza Dough .) 1 small (about 1 cup) Zucchini (chopped) 1 small (about 1 cup) Yellow Squash (chopped) 2 cup (8 oz.) of Mozzarella Cheese (shredded) 2 tbsp. of Parmesan Cheese or Romano Cheese (grated) 2 medium Tomatoes (thinly sliced) 2 cloves of Garlic (Lasan) (minced) 1/4 tsp. of Crushed Red Peppers 1 tbsp. of Olive Oil or Cooking Oil
--Directions-- 1) On a lightly floured surface, roll bread dough into a 14-inch circle. Transfer to a greased 13-inch pizza pan. Build up edges slightly. Prick dough generously with a fork. Or prepare Homemade Pizza Dough . Bake dough in a 375 degree F oven for 20 to 25 minutes or until light brown.
2) Meanwhile, in a large skillet cook zucchini, summer squash, crushed red pepper, and garlic in hot oil about 5 minutes or until vegetables are almost tender. Drain.
3) Sprinkle 1 cup of the mozzarella cheese over hot crust. Arrange tomato slices in a circular pattern atop cheese. Top with zucchini mixture. Sprinkle with remaining mozzarella cheese and parmesan cheese or romano cheese . Bake about 12 minutes more or until cheese melts and pizza is heated through.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7814 days old here
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Mango Pizza Recipe:
--Ingredients-- FOR MANGO SALSA 1 Ripe Mango (peeled & cut in 1/2" dice) 1 small Red Bell Pepper (diced) 1/2 Jalepeno Pepper (finely minced) 1/2 Vidalia Onion (cut in 1/2" dice) 1 tbsp. of Fresh Ginger (Adrak) (grated) 1/4 cup of Fresh Cilantro (minced)
FOR CUMIN LIME DRESSING 1/2 tsp. of Salt 1 tsp. of Ground Cumin (Zeera) 1/4 tsp. of Cayenne Lime Juice (from 1 lime) 3 tbsp. of Corn Oil
FOR PIZZA 1 large Pre-Baked Pizza Crust or you may prepare Homemade Pizza Dough 1/4 cup of Parmesan Cheese 3/4 cup of Asiago Cheese (grated) 1 can of Black Beans (drained)
--Directions-- 1) Preheat oven to 425 degrees.
2) In a medium bowl, combine mango, cilantro, onion, ginger, bell pepper and jalapeno.
3) Make dressing and toss with mango salsa mixture. And set aside.
4) For the pizza: Combine the asiago and parmesan cheese . Sprinkle a quarter of the cheeses on the pizza crust.
5) Spread the black beans on top (do not cover the whole crust with them.) Spread the salsa over the beans. And cover with the remaining cheese.
6) Bake in the oven until the cheese has melted and is lightly golden.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7814 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
Classic Cheese Pizza Recipe:
--Ingredients-- 1 oz. of Fresh Yeast or 1/2 oz. of Dried Yeast 1 pint of Sugar 14 oz. of Plain Flour 1 tsp. of Salt Corn Meal 3/4 pint of Tomato & Garlic Sauce 1 lb. of Mozzarella Cheese (cut into 1/4" dice) 6 tbsp. of Parmesan Cheese (freshly grated) 1/2 pint of Luke Warm Water 1/4 pint of Olive Oil
--Directions-- 1) Crumble the fresh yeast or sprinkle the dried yeast and a pinch of sugar into 3 tablespoons of lukewarm water. Be sure that the water is lukewarm (110 - 115 F. - neither too hot nor too cold to the touch) Let it stand for 2 to 3 minutes, then stir the yeast and sugar into the water until completely dissolved. Put the cup in a warm, draught-free place for 3 to 5 minutes, until the yeast bubbles up and the mixture almost doubles in volume. If the yeast does not bubble, start over again with fresh yeast.
2) Sift the flour and salt into a large, warmed bowl. Make a well in the centre of the flour and pour in the yeast mixture, 3/8 pint of lukewarm water and 3 tablespoons of the olive oil. Mix the dough with a fork or your fingers. When you can gather it into a rough ball, place the dough on a floured board and knead it for about 15 minutes, until smooth, shiny and elastic. Dust the dough lightly with flour, put in a large clean bowl and cover. Place the bowl in a warm, draught-free spot for about 1 1/2 hours, until the dough has doubled in bulk.
3) Now preheat the oven to 450 F. Punch the dough down with your fists and break off about one quarter of it to make the first of the 4 pizzas. Knead the small piece on a floured board or a table for a minute or so, working in a little flour if the dough seems sticky. Flatten the ball into a circle about 1 inch thick with the palm of your hand. Hold the circle in your hands and stretch the dough by turning the circle and pulling your hands apart gently at the same time.
4) When the circle is about 7 or 8 inches across, spread it out on the floured board again and pat it smooth, pressing together any tears in the dough. Then roll the dough with a rolling pin, from the centre to the far edge, turning it clockwise after each roll, until you have a circle of pastry about 10 inches across and about 1/8 inch thick. Crimp or flute the edge of the circle with your thumbs until it forms a little rim. Dust a large baking sheet lightly with corn meal and gently place the pizza dough on top of it. Knead, stretch and roll the rest of the dough into 3 more pizzas.
5) Pour 6 tablespoons of the tomato & garlic Sauce on each pizza and spread it with a pastry brush or the back of a spoon. To make a cheese pizza, sprinkle the sauce with 6 tablespoons of mozzarella cheese and 2 tablespoons of grated parmesan cheese . Dribble 2 tablespoons of olive oil over the pizza and bake it on the lowest shelf or the floor of the oven. Reduce the oven temperature to 400 F after 5 minutes and cook for about 10 minutes in all, until the crust is lightly browned and the filling bubbling hot.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7814 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
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